As well as being released from entrainment in water, air can be physically introduced to water distribution systems. Water providers work to prevent outside air infusion; however, air is inevitably drawn into the line through:
Tiny cracks, poor or damaged joint seals and leaking flange connections. Temperature, flow rate and pressure changes can generate a significant amount of air volume. Pumps that are positioned throughout the distribution system create pockets of air in the pipeline because of the vortex action of pumps. Surprisingly common main line breakages which can introduce huge amounts of air into the water system.
“Air behaves very unpredictably in a pipeline…in the normal operation of water pipeline system, maintenance activities and fluctuating period of consumption in demand will cause air to be released from solution and accumulate in the localized piping” – A New Understanding Of Air Transfer – Clean Water Legacy, January, 2003